Phenylalanine-free protein and dna coding therefor

ABSTRACT

A DNA molecule coding for a food protein, such as ovalbumin or casein, modified so that the codons for phenylalanine have been omitted or replaced by codons for one or more other metabolisable amino acids. Also a modified edible protein coded for by such a DNA molecule. Such modified proteins are useful in the nutrition of patients suffering from phenylketonuria.

[0001] This invention relates to an edible protein which has been modified so that it is phenylalanine free, to DNA coding for it, and to a method of producing it. Such a protein is a useful nutrient in the treatment of diseases which are associated with difficulty in metabolising phenylalanine. A particular example of such a disease is phenylketonuria (PKU).

[0002] PKU is a genetically acquired disease that occurs in a relatively fixed proportion of new births in a human population. A defect in the enzyme carrying out the pterin-dependent hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine prevents the body from metabolizing the amino acid phenylalanine. This amino acid occurs in varying proportions in all proteins in foodstuffs and is, in the correct amount, essential for human protein synthesis, and therefore for the growth and maintenance of the body. Patients with PKU cannot remove excess phenylalanine from the blood and tissues and the failure to achieve this control over phenylalanine levels leads to grave neurological damage, especially in the growing child.

[0003] PKU patients are at present fed with a synthetic diet which contains a metabolically-correct amount of phenylalanine along with a mixture of the other amino acids needed for growth. Such a diet is unpalatable and is presented in liquid form only and therefore has difficulty in achieving patient compliance.

[0004] An object of this invention is to provide an edible protein which when pure contains no phenylalanine and which can form the basis for a diet containing the optimal nutritional phenylalanine content for PKU patients. This object may be achieved by taking the gene from a known nutritional protein and modifying it so that the codons coding for phenylalanine are deleted or are replaced by codons coding for another amino acid.

[0005] An alternative approach is to synthesise by chemical means DNA coding for a phenylalanine-free polypeptide, starting either from fragments of genes coding for existing proteins, or from the nucleotides themselves.

[0006] According to one aspect of the invention we provide a DNA molecule coding for a food protein, modified in that the codons coding for phenylalanine have been deleted or replaced by codons coding for one or more other amino acids.

[0007] According to another aspect of the invention we provide an edible polypeptide which comprises a food protein modified in that the phenylalanine residues have been omitted or have been replaced by one or more other amino acids also occurring in protein.

[0008] We further provide a nutrient material comprising an edible polypeptide as defined above and other edible substances.

[0009] The food protein is preferably a common food protein such as ovalbumin or caesin.

[0010] We also provide a nutrient material comprising an edible protein or modified food protein as hereinbefore defined, and other edible substances.

[0011] The protein according to the invention is phenylalanine free when pure, but the diet of the patient must contain some phenylalanine, i.e. the amount required for metabolism, but with substantially no excess.

[0012] An obvious approach would be to add an appropriate proportion of normal food proteins, which contain phenylalanine, to a pure phenylalanine-free protein according to the invention.

[0013] On the other hand, proteins are notoriously difficult to purify to a high level. If only partially purified, the phenylalanine-free protein will be accompanied by other protein products of the host organism containing their normal amounts of phenylalanine. Thus, if the modified protein is only partly purified (which is much easier than complete purification), a protein mixture containing overall a reduced proportion of phenylalanine will be obtained. By controlling the degree of purification, a protein mixture containing a metabolically-appropriate proportion of phenylalanine can be produced. This invention also provides such a mixture.

[0014] Although codons for phenylalanine may simply be deleted from the gene for a food protein, in order to preserve as far as possible the tertiary structure of the protein the codons coding for phenylalanine are preferably replaced by codons coding for another amino acid, preferably those having the most similar properties, e.g. tyrosine.

[0015] We also provide an expression vector into which has been incorporated DNA for an edible protein or modified food protein as described herein. The expression vector is preferably a Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression vector because this yeast has a long history as a human foodstuff and is amenable to genetic manipulation. Other yeasts, e.g. Pischia pastoris, may also be used.

[0016] We further provide a host, for example a yeast such as S. cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris, transformed by such an expression vector.

[0017] Ovalbumin and caesin have been selected as preferred food proteins to be modified in accordance with this invention because they are naturally-occurring proteins which are commonly used as human foodstuffs, are widely acceptable, and also because the modified proteins are likely to behave in a similar manner to the native proteins when cooked or subjected to other food processing steps. A wide variety of other food proteins may, however, also be chosen.

[0018] Preferably, apart from omitting or substituting codons coding for phenylalanine, the DNA molecule coding for the edible protein is modified as necessary to ensure that the codon for each amino acid is the codon of preference for the selected host, e.g. S. cerevisiae.

[0019] DNA sequences and polypeptides embodying the invention will now be described in more detail in non-limiting manner, with reference to the Figures and Examples. FIGS. 1 to 11 relate to modified chick ovalbumin and FIGS. 12 to 24 relate to modified bovine casein.

[0020]FIG. 1 shows the sequence of cDNA for unmodified chick ovalbumin (a copy of the Genbank entry).

[0021]FIG. 2 shows the amino acid sequence (in single letter code) of the polypeptide coded for by the coding region of FIG. 1.

[0022]FIG. 3 shows a polypeptide corresponding to that of FIG. 2, but from which all phenylalanine residues have been deleted.

[0023]FIG. 4 shows the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide corresponding to FIG. 2, in which the phenylalanine residues have been replaced by tyrosine residues.

[0024]FIG. 5 shows DNA sequence coding for the polypeptide shown in FIG. 3, where the codons have been selected using a preferred pattern of codon usage for S. cerevisiae.

[0025]FIG. 6 shows a DNA sequence coding for the polypeptide shown in FIG. 4.

[0026] FIGS. 7 to 10 show, respectively, the nucleotide sequence for the constructs pl+oval−f+3 end, pl+h6oval−f+end, pl+Yoval−f+3nd, and pl+h6Yoval−f+3end.

[0027]FIG. 11 shows the nucleotide sequence of the synthetic pl+oval−f+3end gene constructed from overlapping oligonucleotides.

[0028]FIG. 12 shows the nucleotide sequence of bovine alpha-S1-casein mRNA.

[0029]FIG. 13 shows the amino acid sequence of mature alpha-S1-casein.

[0030]FIG. 14 shows a modified protein corresponding to that of FIG. 13, but from which all phenylalanine residues have been deleted.

[0031]FIG. 15. shows a DNA sequence coding for the modified protein of FIG. 14.

[0032]FIG. 16 shows a DNA sequence corresponding to that of FIG. 15 but including the non-translated regions of alpha-S1-casein.

[0033]FIG. 17 shows the nucleotide sequences of bovine casein gene blocks A and B, form which the whole gene was subsequentially assembled.

[0034]FIGS. 18a and 18 b show respectively the predicted and actual DNA and protein sequences of block A.

[0035]FIGS. 19a and 19 b show respectively the predicted and actual DNA and protein sequences of block B.

[0036]FIG. 20 shows the combines DNA and protein sequences of blocks A and B.

[0037]FIG. 21 shows the complete DNA and protein sequences of the synthetic casein.

[0038]FIG. 22 shows the assembly of the casein gene sequences in plasmid pMTL22.

[0039]FIG. 23 shows the construction of the E. coli yeast expression vector pMTL8133.

[0040]FIG. 24 shows the casein gene sequence cloned into pMTL8133.

EXAMPLE 1

[0041] The gene and downstream non-translated DNA sequence for chick ovalbumin were based on the nucleotide sequence of the complementary cDNA for chick ovalbumin deposited by O'Hare et al in the GenBank database with the accession number V00383. The vector pEMBLyex4 (see Cesareni, G and Murray, J. A. H. (1987) In ‘Genetic Engineering’ (Ed. Setlow, J. K.) Volume 9 Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, pp 135-154) was chosen for expression, as it can be used to direct the expression of genes which lack their own promoter. The vector harbours a hybrid promoter consisting of the upstream activator sequence of the GAL1 promoter and the 5′ non-translated leader of the CYC1 gene, up to position −4. The plasmid contains a translation initiation codon ATG downstream from the GAL1-CYC1 promoter. The codon ATG is followed by a unique HindIII site and is preceded by unique cloning sites for BamHI, PstI, Smal and XbaI. In addition to yeast selectable markers and origin of replication it carries ampicillin resistance and a functional E. coli origin. The complete nucleotide sequence of the vector is known.

[0042] The sequence of the cDNA for chick ovalbumin is shown in FIG. 1 and a translation of the ovalbumin coding region is shown in FIG. 2. The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide (oval−f) derived from chick ovalbumin, but lacking any phenylalanine residues, is shown in FIG. 3. To optimize expression of this gene when expressed in S. cerevisiae the polypeptide sequence was ‘backtranslated’ using the most preferred pattern of codon usage for S. cerevisiae (FIG. 5). A derivative of chick ovalbumin was also designed in which the phenylalanine residues are replaced by tyrosine residues in order to attempt to produce a protein which has as near as possible the tertiary structure of chick ovalbumin. The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide (Yoval−f) and its corresponding gene produced as for the oval−f gene are shown in FIGS. 4 and 6 respectively. To further facilitate expression, cloning procedures and protein purification the following modifications were made to the basic gene.

[0043] 1. Addition of a sequence corresponding to the 3′ end of the mRNA from the end of the coding region to the poly A site, in order to enhance expression.

[0044] 2. Addition of an extra TAA stop codon at the end of the gene, in order to ensure that no translation would take place beyond the normal coding region.

[0045] 3. In order to assist in vitro manipulation, addition at either end of the synthetic gene of polylinkers which contained restriction sites for PstI, BamHI, SmaI, EcoRI and HindIII. The synthetic genes do not contain sites for these restriction enzymes. The polylinkers have the following sequence: 5′CTGCAGGATCCCGGGAATTCAAGCTT 3′   [ PstI ]    [ SmaI ]   [HindIII]          [BamHI]      [EcoRI]

[0046] 4. In some versions of the synthetic gene a sequence corresponding to 6 histidine residues was added immediately downstream of the initiating methionine, in order to facilitate purification of the protein by a form of affinity chromatography.

[0047] Thus 4 basic variations on the original synthetic gene were obtained, with the following structures:

[0048] The synthetic gene is constructed via the synthesis of oligonucleotides each approximately 100 nucleotides long and designed in such a way that they overlap each other and will self-assemble by complementary base pairing into a contiguous structure which can be ligated via the appropriate sticky ends, generated by restriction endonuclease digestion into pEMBLyex4 or an appropriate E. coli vector such as pBR322 or pUC19. The sequences of the oligonucleotides and their arrangement is shown in FIG. 11. The end points of the individual oligonucleotides are marked by the character.

EXAMPLE 2

[0049] This example utilises bovine alpha-s1-casein. In this illustration only one synthetic gene was designed, but the general approach used in Example 1 can be applied to produce the other three genes analogous to those of Example 1, (i.e. those genes containing tyrosine replacements for phenylalanine and/or a run of six histidine residues immediately downstream of the N-terminal methionine).

[0050] The sequence of the mRNA for bovine alpha-s1-casein is shown in FIG. 12 and a translation of the region coding for the mature polypeptide is shown in FIG. 13. The modified form of the protein lacking phenylalanine residues and with an added N-terminal methionine (to permit translation) is shown in FIG. 14. A DNA sequence corresponding to this modified polypeptide produced using the most preferred pattern of codon usage for S. cerevisiae is shown in FIG. 15. Finally, the nucleotide sequence of the complete synthetic gene with the 3′ untranslated region from the bovine alpha-s1-casein mRNA added on as well as the polylinkers (described in section A) is shown in FIG. 16. It should be noted that this particular synthetic gene has an internal EcoR1 site, as well as those present in the polylinkers and therefore EcoR1 should not be used in any in vitro manipulations of this gene during insertion into a vector.

EXAMPLE 3

[0051] This example concerns the construction of a bovine casein gene modified in that the codons for phenylalamine are replaced by codons for tyrosine.

[0052] Synthetic Gene Design

[0053] Eight C.100'mer oligonucleotides were designed, synthesised, and purified. These oligonucleotides (casein 1-8. see FIG. 16) formed the basis of two self-priming block assemblies in which the two blocks (designated A and B) overlapped by about 100 bp.

[0054] Following an initial round of PCR-mediated extension of the self-primed oligonucleotides as separate Blocks (A & B), a second round of PCR amplification using terminal flanking c. 20'mer primers (AL1 & AR1, BL1 & BR2; see FIG. 17 generated the two independent c.380 bp gene blocks A and B.

[0055] As mentioned above the design of the casein 1-8 c. 100'mer oligonucleotides was such that the encoded gene contained no phenylalanine codons, all these being substituted with tyrosine codons. A further feature was the incorporation of a number of unique restriction sites to facilitate in the final assembly of the whole gene from components of the two overlapping gene blocks. This duplication facilitates correction of erroneous PCR-mediated DNA synthesis.

[0056] Gene Block Synthesis

[0057] Using the 2-step PCR stategy described above both casein gene blocks A and B were amplified as discrete c. 380 bp products using Stratagene's native pfu DNA polymerase. Little success was achieved with the cloned enzyme. This particular enzyme was used because of its apparently superior fidelity properties.

[0058] Cloning and Sequencing of the Gene Blocks

[0059] Both blocks A & B were successfully cloned into Invitrogen's PCRII-TA cloning vector. Plasmid DNA was prepared from numerous isolates and these subjected to DNA sequence analysis using both universal and reverse sequencing primers. For the majority of clones full c. 380 bp reads were obtained. All these sequences were computer aligned against the “desired” sequence and against each other. Representative sample alignments for block A and B are shown in FIGS. 18a and b, and 19 a and b, respectively.

[0060] PCRII-TA clones A100 and B69 were chosen as primary DNA sources. Two mutagenic c. 60'mer mutagenic oligo nucleotides, casein 9 and casein 10, were synthesised, purified, and used to amplify a “corrected” c.200 bp HpaI/HindIII C-terminus. This product was cloned into PCRII-TA vector and the sequence of several clones analysed using universal and reverse sequence primers. No perfect sequences were obtained but one clone (C20) which had only one base change, a G to T conversion resulting in a single amino acid change of trp to leu, was chosen.

[0061] The strategy taken was to assemble the gene sequence in pMTL22 by cloning the c. 200 bp hpa/HindIII C-terminal fragment of clone C20 next to the remainder of the gene derived from cloning of the c.265 bp BamHI/AatII of clone A100 and the c. 270 bp AatII/KpnI of clone B69 (See FIG. 22). This has been achieved and the final nucleotide sequence verified yielding the “casein” gene sequence with a TTG triplet deletion at nt. pos. 258 and a G to T base change at nt. pos.

[0062] Cloning of the casein sequence into pMTL8133

[0063] The casein gene sequence was sub-cloned from the pMTL22 construct above into the “in house” E. coli/yeast expression vector pMTL8133 (see FIG. 23). This vector is based on chloramphenicol resistance and has a hybrid PGK::REP 2 promoter element which has been shown to elicit high expression levels of other heterologous genes in both E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The casein sequence was cloned as a PstI(flush-ended)/HindIII fragment into SspI/HindIII cleaved pMTL8133 as outlined in FIG. 24, such that it is correctly juxtaposed to the 5′-UTR sequence for elevated expression in yeast. The correct sequence at the cloning junction was verified by sequence analysis.

[0064] The modified gene has been clone into the E. coli/yeast expression vector pMTL8133 which has previously been shown to elicit expression of heterologous genes in both Escherichia coli and Sacharomyces cerevisiae.

[0065] Casein expression studies

[0066]E. coli strain INV alpha F′ (endA1, recA1, hsdR17(r−k, m+k), suPE44,

-, thi-1, gyrA, relA1, φ80 lacZαΔM15Δ (lacZYA-argF), deoR+, F genotype) has been transformed with the pMTL8133-casein recombinant plasmid and cultured in the presence of chloramphenicol (30 μg ml⁻¹) to maintain selection for the plasmid. Sonic extracts have been prepared from this culture and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis alongside native bovine alpha casein (purchased from Sigma). Blotting of this gel onto nitrocellulose membrane followed by probing of the membrane sequentially with rabbit anti-casein and peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit antibody has revealed the presence of a polypeptide equal in size to the bovine alpha casein control. This polypeptide has a predicted molecular weight of 22 kDa. This protein product is detectable by means of antibody probing. No product is visible in coomassie blue stained polyacrylamide gels.

[0067] The pMTL8133-casein recombinant plasmid is used to transform a yeast (e.g. S. cerevisiae) in order to obtain expression of the modified casein encoded thereby.

[0068] If necessary or desirable, the base change at nt. pos. 512 can be corrected using a two-step strategy as follows. Firstly, the major part of the casein gene, 510 bp PstII/KpnI (nt. pos. 15 to 530) fragment is sub-cloned into PstI/KpnI cleaved pMTL20 with concomitant loss of AatII and NcoI polylinker sites. This enables the substitution of the c. 100 bp AatII/NcoI fragment containing the TTG triplet deletion a correct sequence derived from the annealing of complementary c. 100 bp oligonucleotides (nt. pos. 178 to 279). Such a clone is used for the second step involving mutagenic PCR using oligonucleotide primers AL2 and casein 15 whereby the base change at nt. pos. 512 is corrected.

1 43 366 amino acids amino acid linear protein Protein 1..366 /note= “polypeptide derived from chicken ovalbumin lacking phenylalanine residues (oval-f)” 1 Met Gly Ser Ile Gly Ala Ala Ser Met Glu Cys Asp Val Lys Glu Leu 1 5 10 15 Lys Val His His Ala Asn Glu Asn Ile Tyr Cys Pro Ile Ala Ile Met 20 25 30 Ser Ala Leu Ala Met Val Tyr Leu Gly Ala Lys Asp Ser Thr Arg Thr 35 40 45 Gln Ile Asn Lys Val Val Arg Asp Lys Leu Pro Gly Gly Asp Ser Ile 50 55 60 Glu Ala Gln Cys Gly Thr Ser Val Asn Val His Ser Ser Leu Arg Asp 65 70 75 80 Ile Leu Asn Gln Ile Thr Lys Pro Asn Asp Val Tyr Ser Ser Leu Ala 85 90 95 Ser Arg Leu Tyr Ala Glu Glu Arg Tyr Pro Ile Leu Pro Glu Tyr Leu 100 105 110 Gln Cys Val Lys Glu Leu Tyr Arg Gly Gly Leu Glu Pro Ile Asn Gln 115 120 125 Thr Ala Ala Asp Gln Ala Arg Glu Leu Ile Asn Ser Trp Val Glu Ser 130 135 140 Gln Thr Asn Gly Ile Ile Arg Asn Val Leu Gln Pro Ser Ser Val Asp 145 150 155 160 Ser Gln Thr Ala Met Val Leu Val Asn Ala Ile Val Lys Gly Leu Trp 165 170 175 Glu Lys Thr Lys Asp Glu Asp Thr Gln Ala Met Pro Arg Val Thr Glu 180 185 190 Gln Glu Ser Lys Pro Val Gln Met Met Tyr Gln Ile Gly Leu Arg Val 195 200 205 Ala Ser Met Ala Ser Glu Lys Met Lys Ile Leu Glu Leu Pro Ala Ser 210 215 220 Gly Thr Met Ser Met Leu Val Leu Leu Pro Asp Glu Val Ser Gly Leu 225 230 235 240 Glu Gln Leu Glu Ser Ile Ile Asn Glu Lys Leu Thr Glu Trp Thr Ser 245 250 255 Ser Asn Val Met Glu Glu Arg Lys Ile Lys Val Tyr Leu Pro Arg Met 260 265 270 Lys Met Glu Glu Lys Tyr Asn Leu Thr Ser Val Leu Met Ala Met Gly 275 280 285 Ile Thr Asp Val Ser Ser Ser Ala Asn Leu Ser Gly Ile Ser Ser Ala 290 295 300 Glu Ser Leu Lys Ile Ser Gln Ala Val His Ala Ala His Ala Glu Ile 305 310 315 320 Asn Glu Ala Gly Arg Glu Val Val Gly Ser Ala Glu Ala Gly Val Asp 325 330 335 Ala Ala Ser Val Ser Glu Glu Arg Ala Asp His Pro Leu Cys Ile Lys 340 345 350 His Ile Ala Thr Asn Ala Val Leu Gly Arg Cys Val Ser Pro 355 360 365 386 amino acids amino acid linear protein Protein 1..386 /note= “polypeptide derived from chicken ovalbumin in which phenylalanine residues have been replaced by tyrosine residues (Yoval-f)” 2 Met Gly Ser Ile Gly Ala Ala Ser Met Glu Tyr Cys Tyr Asp Val Tyr 1 5 10 15 Lys Glu Leu Lys Val His His Ala Asn Glu Asn Ile Tyr Tyr Cys Pro 20 25 30 Ile Ala Ile Met Ser Ala Leu Ala Met Val Tyr Leu Gly Ala Lys Asp 35 40 45 Ser Thr Arg Thr Gln Ile Asn Lys Val Val Arg Tyr Asp Lys Leu Pro 50 55 60 Gly Tyr Gly Asp Ser Ile Glu Ala Gln Cys Gly Thr Ser Val Asn Val 65 70 75 80 His Ser Ser Leu Arg Asp Ile Leu Asn Gln Ile Thr Lys Pro Asn Asp 85 90 95 Val Tyr Ser Tyr Ser Leu Ala Ser Arg Leu Tyr Ala Glu Glu Arg Tyr 100 105 110 Pro Ile Leu Pro Glu Tyr Leu Gln Cys Val Lys Glu Leu Tyr Arg Gly 115 120 125 Gly Leu Glu Pro Ile Asn Tyr Gln Thr Ala Ala Asp Gln Ala Arg Glu 130 135 140 Leu Ile Asn Ser Trp Val Glu Ser Gln Thr Asn Gly Ile Ile Arg Asn 145 150 155 160 Val Leu Gln Pro Ser Ser Val Asp Ser Gln Thr Ala Met Val Leu Val 165 170 175 Asn Ala Ile Val Tyr Lys Gly Leu Trp Glu Lys Thr Tyr Lys Asp Glu 180 185 190 Asp Thr Gln Ala Met Pro Tyr Arg Val Thr Glu Gln Glu Ser Lys Pro 195 200 205 Val Gln Met Met Tyr Gln Ile Gly Leu Tyr Arg Val Ala Ser Met Ala 210 215 220 Ser Glu Lys Met Lys Ile Leu Glu Leu Pro Tyr Ala Ser Gly Thr Met 225 230 235 240 Ser Met Leu Val Leu Leu Pro Asp Glu Val Ser Gly Leu Glu Gln Leu 245 250 255 Glu Ser Ile Ile Asn Tyr Glu Lys Leu Thr Glu Trp Thr Ser Ser Asn 260 265 270 Val Met Glu Glu Arg Lys Ile Lys Val Tyr Leu Pro Arg Met Lys Met 275 280 285 Glu Glu Lys Tyr Asn Leu Thr Ser Val Leu Met Ala Met Gly Ile Thr 290 295 300 Asp Val Tyr Ser Ser Ser Ala Asn Leu Ser Gly Ile Ser Ser Ala Glu 305 310 315 320 Ser Leu Lys Ile Ser Gln Ala Val His Ala Ala His Ala Glu Ile Asn 325 330 335 Glu Ala Gly Arg Glu Val Val Gly Ser Ala Glu Ala Gly Val Asp Ala 340 345 350 Ala Ser Val Ser Glu Glu Tyr Arg Ala Asp His Pro Tyr Leu Tyr Cys 355 360 365 Ile Lys His Ile Ala Thr Asn Ala Val Leu Tyr Tyr Gly Arg Cys Val 370 375 380 Ser Pro 385 1098 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..1098 /product= “oval-f” /note=+37synthetic gene encoding derivative of chicken ovalbumin lacking phenylalanine using optimal pattern of codon usage for S. cerevisiae” 3 ATGGGTTCTA TTGGTGCTGC TTCTATGGAA TGTGATGTTA AAGAATTGAA AGTTCATCAT 60 GCTAATGAAA ATATTTATTG TCCAATTGCT ATTATGTCTG CTTTGGCTAT GGTTTATTTG 120 GGTGCTAAAG ATTCTACTAG AACTCAAATT AATAAAGTTG TTAGAGATAA ATTGCCAGGT 180 GGTGATTCTA TTGAAGCTCA ATGTGGTACT TCTGTTAATG TTCATTCTTC TTTGAGAGAT 240 ATTTTGAATC AAATTACTAA ACCAAATGAT GTTTATTCTT CTTTGGCTTC TAGATTGTAT 300 GCTGAAGAAA GATATCCAAT TTTGCCAGAA TATTTGCAAT GTGTTAAAGA ATTGTATAGA 360 GGTGGTTTGG AACCAATTAA TCAAACTGCT GCTGATCAAG CTAGAGAATT GATTAATTCT 420 TGGGTTGAAT CTCAAACTAA TGGTATTATT AGAAATGTTT TGCAACCATC TTCTGTTGAT 480 TCTCAAACTG CTATGGTTTT GGTTAATGCT ATTGTTAAAG GTTTGTGGGA AAAAACTAAA 540 GATGAAGATA CTCAAGCTAT GCCAAGAGTT ACTGAACAAG AATCTAAACC AGTTCAAATG 600 ATGTATCAAA TTGGTTTGAG AGTTGCTTCT ATGGCTTCTG AAAAAATGAA AATTTTGGAA 660 TTGCCAGCTT CTGGTACTAT GTCTATGTTG GTTTTGTTGC CAGATGAAGT TTCTGGTTTG 720 GAACAATTGG AATCTATTAT TAATGAAAAA TTGACTGAAT GGACTTCTTC TAATGTTATG 780 GAAGAAAGAA AAATTAAAGT TTATTTGCCA AGAATGAAAA TGGAAGAAAA ATATAATTTG 840 ACTTCTGTTT TGATGGCTAT GGGTATTACT GATGTTTCTT CTTCTGCTAA TTTGTCTGGT 900 ATTTCTTCTG CTGAATCTTT GAAAATTTCT CAAGCTGTTC ATGCTGCTCA TGCTGAAATT 960 AATGAAGCTG GTAGAGAAGT TGTTGGTTCT GCTGAAGCTG GTGTTGATGC TGCTTCTGTT 1020 TCTGAAGAAA GAGCTGATCA TCCATTGTGT ATTAAACATA TTGCTACTAA TGCTGTTTTG 1080 GGTAGATGTG TTTCTCCA 1098 1158 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..1158 /product= “Yoval-f” /note +37synthetic gene encoding derivative of chicken ovalbumin in which phenylalanines are replaced by tyrosines using optimal pattern of codon usage for S. cerevisiae” 4 ATGGGTTCTA TTGGTGCTGC TTCTATGGAA TATTGTTATG ATGTTTATAA AGAATTGAAA 60 GTTCATCATG CTAATGAAAA TATTTATTAT TGTCCAATTG CTATTATGTC TGCTTTGGCT 120 ATGGTTTATT TGGGTGCTAA AGATTCTACT AGAACTCAAA TTAATAAAGT TGTTAGATAT 180 GATAAATTGC CAGGTTATGG TGATTCTATT GAAGCTCAAT GTGGTACTTC TGTTAATGTT 240 CATTCTTCTT TGAGAGATAT TTTGAATCAA ATTACTAAAC CAAATGATGT TTATTCTTAT 300 TCTTTGGCTT CTAGATTGTA TGCTGAAGAA AGATATCCAA TTTTGCCAGA ATATTTGCAA 360 TGTGTTAAAG AATTGTATAG AGGTGGTTTG GAACCAATTA ATTATCAAAC TGCTGCTGAT 420 CAAGCTAGAG AATTGATTAA TTCTTGGGTT GAATCTCAAA CTAATGGTAT TATTAGAAAT 480 GTTTTGCAAC CATCTTCTGT TGATTCTCAA ACTGCTATGG TTTTGGTTAA TGCTATTGTT 540 TATAAAGGTT TGTGGGAAAA AACTTATAAA GATGAAGATA CTCAAGCTAT GCCATATAGA 600 GTTACTGAAC AAGAATCTAA ACCAGTTCAA ATGATGTATC AAATTGGTTT GTATAGAGTT 660 GCTTCTATGG CTTCTGAAAA AATGAAAATT TTGGAATTGC CATATGCTTC TGGTACTATG 720 TCTATGTTGG TTTTGTTGCC AGATGAAGTT TCTGGTTTGG AACAATTGGA ATCTATTATT 780 AATTATGAAA AATTGACTGA ATGGACTTCT TCTAATGTTA TGGAAGAAAG AAAAATTAAA 840 GTTTATTTGC CAAGAATGAA AATGGAAGAA AAATATAATT TGACTTCTGT TTTGATGGCT 900 ATGGGTATTA CTGATGTTTA TTCTTCTTCT GCTAATTTGT CTGGTATTTC TTCTGCTGAA 960 TCTTTGAAAA TTTCTCAAGC TGTTCATGCT GCTCATGCTG AAATTAATGA AGCTGGTAGA 1020 GAAGTTGTTG GTTCTGCTGA AGCTGGTGTT GATGCTGCTT CTGTTTCTGA AGAATATAGA 1080 GCTGATCATC CATATTTGTA TTGTATTAAA CATATTGCTA CTAATGCTGT TTTGTATTAT 1140 GGTAGATGTG TTTCTCCA 1158 1803 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..1803 /note “construct pl+oval-f+3end” 5 CTGCAGGATC CCGGGAATTC AAGCTTATGG GTTCTATTGG TGCTGCTTCT ATGGAATGTG 60 ATGTTAAAGA ATTGAAAGTT CATCATGCTA ATGAAAATAT TTATTGTCCA ATTGCTATTA 120 TGTCTGCTTT GGCTATGGTT TATTTGGGTG CTAAAGATTC TACTAGAACT CAAATTAATA 180 AAGTTGTTAG AGATAAATTG CCAGGTGGTG ATTCTATTGA AGCTCAATGT GGTACTTCTG 240 TTAATGTTCA TTCTTCTTTG AGAGATATTT TGAATCAAAT TACTAAACCA AATGATGTTT 300 ATTCTTCTTT GGCTTCTAGA TTGTATGCTG AAGAAAGATA TCCAATTTTG CCAGAATATT 360 TGCAATGTGT TAAAGAATTG TATAGAGGTG GTTTGGAACC AATTAATCAA ACTGCTGCTG 420 ATCAAGCTAG AGAATTGATT AATTCTTGGG TTGAATCTCA AACTAATGGT ATTATTAGAA 480 ATGTTTTGCA ACCATCTTCT GTTGATTCTC AAACTGCTAT GGTTTTGGTT AATGCTATTG 540 TTAAAGGTTT GTGGGAAAAA ACTAAAGATG AAGATACTCA AGCTATGCCA AGAGTTACTG 600 AACAAGAATC TAAACCAGTT CAAATGATGT ATCAAATTGG TTTGAGAGTT GCTTCTATGG 660 CTTCTGAAAA AATGAAAATT TTGGAATTGC CAGCTTCTGG TACTATGTCT ATGTTGGTTT 720 TGTTGCCAGA TGAAGTTTCT GGTTTGGAAC AATTGGAATC TATTATTAAT GAAAAATTGA 780 CTGAATGGAC TTCTTCTAAT GTTATGGAAG AAAGAAAAAT TAAAGTTTAT TTGCCAAGAA 840 TGAAAATGGA AGAAAAATAT AATTTGACTT CTGTTTTGAT GGCTATGGGT ATTACTGATG 900 TTTCTTCTTC TGCTAATTTG TCTGGTATTT CTTCTGCTGA ATCTTTGAAA ATTTCTCAAG 960 CTGTTCATGC TGCTCATGCT GAAATTAATG AAGCTGGTAG AGAAGTTGTT GGTTCTGCTG 1020 AAGCTGGTGT TGATGCTGCT TCTGTTTCTG AAGAAAGAGC TGATCATCCA TTGTGTATTA 1080 AACATATTGC TACTAATGCT GTTTTGGGTA GATGTGTTTC TCCATAATAA AAAGAAGAAA 1140 GCTGAAAAAC TCTGTCCCTT CCAACAAGAC CCAGAGCACT GTAGTATCAG GGGTAAAATG 1200 AAAAGTATGT TCTCTGCTGC ATCCAGACTT CATAAAAGCT GGAGCTTAAT CTAGAAAAAA 1260 AATCAGAAAG AAATTACACT GTGAGAACAG GTGCAATTCA CTTTTCCTTT ACACAGAGTA 1320 ATACTGGTAA CTCATGGATG AAGGCTTAAG GGAATGAAAT TGGACTCACA GTACTGAGTC 1380 ATCACACTGA AAAATGCAAC CTGATACATC AGCAGAAGGT TTATGGGGGA AAAATGCAGC 1440 CTTCCAATTA AGCCAGATAT CTGTATGACC AAGCTGCTCC AGAATTAGTC ACTCAAAATC 1500 TCTCAGATTA AATTATCAAC TGTCACCAAC CATTCCTATG CTGACAAGGC AATTGCTTGT 1560 TCTCTGTGTT CCTGATACTA CAAGGCTCTT CCTGACTTCC TAAAGATGCA TTATAAAAAT 1620 CTTATAATTC ACATTTCTCC CTAAACTTTG ACTCAATCAT GGTATGTTGG CAAATATGGT 1680 ATATTACTAT TCAAATTGTT TTCCTTGTAC CCATATGTAA TGGGTCTTGT GAATGTGCTC 1740 TTTTGTTCCT TTAATCATAA TAAAAACATG TTTAAGCCTG CAGGATCCCG GGAATTCAAG 1800 CTT 1803 1821 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..1821 /note “construct pl+h6oval-f+3end” 6 CTGCAGGATC CCGGGAATTC AAGCTTATGC ATCATCATCA TCATCATGGT TCTATTGGTG 60 CTGCTTCTAT GGAATGTGAT GTTAAAGAAT TGAAAGTTCA TCATGCTAAT GAAAATATTT 120 ATTGTCCAAT TGCTATTATG TCTGCTTTGG CTATGGTTTA TTTGGGTGCT AAAGATTCTA 180 CTAGAACTCA AATTAATAAA GTTGTTAGAG ATAAATTGCC AGGTGGTGAT TCTATTGAAG 240 CTCAATGTGG TACTTCTGTT AATGTTCATT CTTCTTTGAG AGATATTTTG AATCAAATTA 300 CTAAACCAAA TGATGTTTAT TCTTCTTTGG CTTCTAGATT GTATGCTGAA GAAAGATATC 360 CAATTTTGCC AGAATATTTG CAATGTGTTA AAGAATTGTA TAGAGGTGGT TTGGAACCAA 420 TTAATCAAAC TGCTGCTGAT CAAGCTAGAG AATTGATTAA TTCTTGGGTT GAATCTCAAA 480 CTAATGGTAT TATTAGAAAT GTTTTGCAAC CATCTTCTGT TGATTCTCAA ACTGCTATGG 540 TTTTGGTTAA TGCTATTGTT AAAGGTTTGT GGGAAAAAAC TAAAGATGAA GATACTCAAG 600 CTATGCCAAG AGTTACTGAA CAAGAATCTA AACCAGTTCA AATGATGTAT CAAATTGGTT 660 TGAGAGTTGC TTCTATGGCT TCTGAAAAAA TGAAAATTTT GGAATTGCCA GCTTCTGGTA 720 CTATGTCTAT GTTGGTTTTG TTGCCAGATG AAGTTTCTGG TTTGGAACAA TTGGAATCTA 780 TTATTAATGA AAAATTGACT GAATGGACTT CTTCTAATGT TATGGAAGAA AGAAAAATTA 840 AAGTTTATTT GCCAAGAATG AAAATGGAAG AAAAATATAA TTTGACTTCT GTTTTGATGG 900 CTATGGGTAT TACTGATGTT TCTTCTTCTG CTAATTTGTC TGGTATTTCT TCTGCTGAAT 960 CTTTGAAAAT TTCTCAAGCT GTTCATGCTG CTCATGCTGA AATTAATGAA GCTGGTAGAG 1020 AAGTTGTTGG TTCTGCTGAA GCTGGTGTTG ATGCTGCTTC TGTTTCTGAA GAAAGAGCTG 1080 ATCATCCATT GTGTATTAAA CATATTGCTA CTAATGCTGT TTTGGGTAGA TGTGTTTCTC 1140 CATAATAAAA AGAAGAAAGC TGAAAAACTC TGTCCCTTCC AACAAGACCC AGAGCACTGT 1200 AGTATCAGGG GTAAAATGAA AAGTATGTTC TCTGCTGCAT CCAGACTTCA TAAAAGCTGG 1260 AGCTTAATCT AGAAAAAAAA TCAGAAAGAA ATTACACTGT GAGAACAGGT GCAATTCACT 1320 TTTCCTTTAC ACAGAGTAAT ACTGGTAACT CATGGATGAA GGCTTAAGGG AATGAAATTG 1380 GACTCACAGT ACTGAGTCAT CACACTGAAA AATGCAACCT GATACATCAG CAGAAGGTTT 1440 ATGGGGGAAA AATGCAGCCT TCCAATTAAG CCAGATATCT GTATGACCAA GCTGCTCCAG 1500 AATTAGTCAC TCAAAATCTC TCAGATTAAA TTATCAACTG TCACCAACCA TTCCTATGCT 1560 GACAAGGCAA TTGCTTGTTC TCTGTGTTCC TGATACTACA AGGCTCTTCC TGACTTCCTA 1620 AAGATGCATT ATAAAAATCT TATAATTCAC ATTTCTCCCT AAACTTTGAC TCAATCATGG 1680 TATGTTGGCA AATATGGTAT ATTACTATTC AAATTGTTTT CCTTGTACCC ATATGTAATG 1740 GGTCTTGTGA ATGTGCTCTT TTGTTCCTTT AATCATAATA AAAACATGTT TAAGCCTGCA 1800 GGATCCCGGG AATTCAAGCT T 1821 1863 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..1863 /note “construct pl+Yoval-f+3end” 7 CTGCAGGATC CCGGGAATTC AAGCTTATGG GTTCTATTGG TGCTGCTTCT ATGGAATATT 60 GTTATGATGT TTATAAAGAA TTGAAAGTTC ATCATGCTAA TGAAAATATT TATTATTGTC 120 CAATTGCTAT TATGTCTGCT TTGGCTATGG TTTATTTGGG TGCTAAAGAT TCTACTAGAA 180 CTCAAATTAA TAAAGTTGTT AGATATGATA AATTGCCAGG TTATGGTGAT TCTATTGAAG 240 CTCAATGTGG TACTTCTGTT AATGTTCATT CTTCTTTGAG AGATATTTTG AATCAAATTA 300 CTAAACCAAA TGATGTTTAT TCTTATTCTT TGGCTTCTAG ATTGTATGCT GAAGAAAGAT 360 ATCCAATTTT GCCAGAATAT TTGCAATGTG TTAAAGAATT GTATAGAGGT GGTTTGGAAC 420 CAATTAATTA TCAAACTGCT GCTGATCAAG CTAGAGAATT GATTAATTCT TGGGTTGAAT 480 CTCAAACTAA TGGTATTATT AGAAATGTTT TGCAACCATC TTCTGTTGAT TCTCAAACTG 540 CTATGGTTTT GGTTAATGCT ATTGTTTATA AAGGTTTGTG GGAAAAAACT TATAAAGATG 600 AAGATACTCA AGCTATGCCA TATAGAGTTA CTGAACAAGA ATCTAAACCA GTTCAAATGA 660 TGTATCAAAT TGGTTTGTAT AGAGTTGCTT CTATGGCTTC TGAAAAAATG AAAATTTTGG 720 AATTGCCATA TGCTTCTGGT ACTATGTCTA TGTTGGTTTT GTTGCCAGAT GAAGTTTCTG 780 GTTTGGAACA ATTGGAATCT ATTATTAATT ATGAAAAATT GACTGAATGG ACTTCTTCTA 840 ATGTTATGGA AGAAAGAAAA ATTAAAGTTT ATTTGCCAAG AATGAAAATG GAAGAAAAAT 900 ATAATTTGAC TTCTGTTTTG ATGGCTATGG GTATTACTGA TGTTTATTCT TCTTCTGCTA 960 ATTTGTCTGG TATTTCTTCT GCTGAATCTT TGAAAATTTC TCAAGCTGTT CATGCTGCTC 1020 ATGCTGAAAT TAATGAAGCT GGTAGAGAAG TTGTTGGTTC TGCTGAAGCT GGTGTTGATG 1080 CTGCTTCTGT TTCTGAAGAA TATAGAGCTG ATCATCCATA TTTGTATTGT ATTAAACATA 1140 TTGCTACTAA TGCTGTTTTG TATTATGGTA GATGTGTTTC TCCATAATAA AAAGAAGAAA 1200 GCTGAAAAAC TCTGTCCCTT CCAACAAGAC CCAGAGCACT GTAGTATCAG GGGTAAAATG 1260 AAAAGTATGT TCTCTGCTGC ATCCAGACTT CATAAAAGCT GGAGCTTAAT CTAGAAAAAA 1320 AATCAGAAAG AAATTACACT GTGAGAACAG GTGCAATTCA CTTTTCCTTT ACACAGAGTA 1380 ATACTGGTAA CTCATGGATG AAGGCTTAAG GGAATGAAAT TGGACTCACA GTACTGAGTC 1440 ATCACACTGA AAAATGCAAC CTGATACATC AGCAGAAGGT TTATGGGGGA AAAATGCAGC 1500 CTTCCAATTA AGCCAGATAT CTGTATGACC AAGCTGCTCC AGAATTAGTC ACTCAAAATC 1560 TCTCAGATTA AATTATCAAC TGTCACCAAC CATTCCTATG CTGACAAGGC AATTGCTTGT 1620 TCTCTGTGTT CCTGATACTA CAAGGCTCTT CCTGACTTCC TAAAGATGCA TTATAAAAAT 1680 CTTATAATTC ACATTTCTCC CTAAACTTTG ACTCAATCAT GGTATGTTGG CAAATATGGT 1740 ATATTACTAT TCAAATTGTT TTCCTTGTAC CCATATGTAA TGGGTCTTGT GAATGTGCTC 1800 TTTTGTTCCT TTAATCATAA TAAAAACATG TTTAAGCCTG CAGGATCCCG GGAATTCAAG 1860 CTT 1863 1881 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..1881 /note “construct pl+h6Yoval-f+3end” 8 CTGCAGGATC CCGGGAATTC AAGCTTATGC ATCATCATCA TCATCATGGT TCTATTGGTG 60 CTGCTTCTAT GGAATATTGT TATGATGTTT ATAAAGAATT GAAAGTTCAT CATGCTAATG 120 AAAATATTTA TTATTGTCCA ATTGCTATTA TGTCTGCTTT GGCTATGGTT TATTTGGGTG 180 CTAAAGATTC TACTAGAACT CAAATTAATA AAGTTGTTAG ATATGATAAA TTGCCAGGTT 240 ATGGTGATTC TATTGAAGCT CAATGTGGTA CTTCTGTTAA TGTTCATTCT TCTTTGAGAG 300 ATATTTTGAA TCAAATTACT AAACCAAATG ATGTTTATTC TTATTCTTTG GCTTCTAGAT 360 TGTATGCTGA AGAAAGATAT CCAATTTTGC CAGAATATTT GCAATGTGTT AAAGAATTGT 420 ATAGAGGTGG TTTGGAACCA ATTAATTATC AAACTGCTGC TGATCAAGCT AGAGAATTGA 480 TTAATTCTTG GGTTGAATCT CAAACTAATG GTATTATTAG AAATGTTTTG CAACCATCTT 540 CTGTTGATTC TCAAACTGCT ATGGTTTTGG TTAATGCTAT TGTTTATAAA GGTTTGTGGG 600 AAAAAACTTA TAAAGATGAA GATACTCAAG CTATGCCATA TAGAGTTACT GAACAAGAAT 660 CTAAACCAGT TCAAATGATG TATCAAATTG GTTTGTATAG AGTTGCTTCT ATGGCTTCTG 720 AAAAAATGAA AATTTTGGAA TTGCCATATG CTTCTGGTAC TATGTCTATG TTGGTTTTGT 780 TGCCAGATGA AGTTTCTGGT TTGGAACAAT TGGAATCTAT TATTAATTAT GAAAAATTGA 840 CTGAATGGAC TTCTTCTAAT GTTATGGAAG AAAGAAAAAT TAAAGTTTAT TTGCCAAGAA 900 TGAAAATGGA AGAAAAATAT AATTTGACTT CTGTTTTGAT GGCTATGGGT ATTACTGATG 960 TTTATTCTTC TTCTGCTAAT TTGTCTGGTA TTTCTTCTGC TGAATCTTTG AAAATTTCTC 1020 AAGCTGTTCA TGCTGCTCAT GCTGAAATTA ATGAAGCTGG TAGAGAAGTT GTTGGTTCTG 1080 CTGAAGCTGG TGTTGATGCT GCTTCTGTTT CTGAAGAATA TAGAGCTGAT CATCCATATT 1140 TGTATTGTAT TAAACATATT GCTACTAATG CTGTTTTGTA TTATGGTAGA TGTGTTTCTC 1200 CATAATAAAA AGAAGAAAGC TGAAAAACTC TGTCCCTTCC AACAAGACCC AGAGCACTGT 1260 AGTATCAGGG GTAAAATGAA AAGTATGTTC TCTGCTGCAT CCAGACTTCA TAAAAGCTGG 1320 AGCTTAATCT AGAAAAAAAA TCAGAAAGAA ATTACACTGT GAGAACAGGT GCAATTCACT 1380 TTTCCTTTAC ACAGAGTAAT ACTGGTAACT CATGGATGAA GGCTTAAGGG AATGAAATTG 1440 GACTCACAGT ACTGAGTCAT CACACTGAAA AATGCAACCT GATACATCAG CAGAAGGTTT 1500 ATGGGGGAAA AATGCAGCCT TCCAATTAAG CCAGATATCT GTATGACCAA GCTGCTCCAG 1560 AATTAGTCAC TCAAAATCTC TCAGATTAAA TTATCAACTG TCACCAACCA TTCCTATGCT 1620 GACAAGGCAA TTGCTTGTTC TCTGTGTTCC TGATACTACA AGGCTCTTCC TGACTTCCTA 1680 AAGATGCATT ATAAAAATCT TATAATTCAC ATTTCTCCCT AAACTTTGAC TCAATCATGG 1740 TATGTTGGCA AATATGGTAT ATTACTATTC AAATTGTTTT CCTTGTACCC ATATGTAATG 1800 GGTCTTGTGA ATGTGCTCTT TTGTTCCTTT AATCATAATA AAAACATGTT TAAGCCTGCA 1860 GGATCCCGGG AATTCAAGCT T 1881 192 amino acids amino acid linear protein Protein 1..192 /note= “mature bovine alpha-s1-casein with phenylalanine residues removed and addition of an N-terminal methionine residue” 9 Met Arg Pro Lys His Pro Ile Lys His Gln Gly Leu Pro Gln Glu Val 1 5 10 15 Leu Asn Glu Asn Leu Leu Arg Val Ala Pro Pro Glu Val Gly Lys Glu 20 25 30 Lys Val Asn Glu Leu Ser Lys Asp Ile Gly Ser Glu Ser Thr Glu Asp 35 40 45 Gln Ala Met Glu Asp Ile Lys Gln Met Glu Ala Glu Ser Ile Ser Ser 50 55 60 Ser Glu Glu Ile Val Pro Asn Ser Val Glu Gln Lys His Ile Gln Lys 65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Val Pro Ser Glu Arg Tyr Leu Gly Tyr Leu Glu Gln Leu Leu 85 90 95 Arg Leu Lys Lys Tyr Lys Val Pro Gln Leu Glu Ile Val Pro Asn Ser 100 105 110 Ala Glu Glu Arg Leu His Ser Met Lys Glu Gly Ile His Ala Gln Gln 115 120 125 Lys Glu Pro Met Ile Gly Val Asn Gln Glu Leu Ala Tyr Tyr Pro Glu 130 135 140 Leu Arg Gln Tyr Gln Leu Asp Ala Tyr Pro Ser Gly Ala Trp Tyr Tyr 145 150 155 160 Val Pro Leu Gly Thr Gln Tyr Thr Asp Ala Pro Ser Ser Asp Ile Pro 165 170 175 Asn Pro Ile Gly Ser Glu Asn Ser Glu Lys Thr Thr Met Pro Leu Trp 180 185 190 582 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..582 /note= “synthetic gene encoding derivative of mature bovine alpha-s1-casein lacking phenylalanine residues, addition of an N-terminal methionine residue and two stop codons at the end of the casein coding sequence, using optimal pattern of codon usage for S. cerevisiae” 10 ATGAGACCAA AACATCCAAT TAAACATCAA GGTTTGCCAC AAGAAGTTTT GAATGAAAAT 60 TTGTTGAGAG TTGCTCCACC AGAAGTTGGT AAAGAAAAAG TTAATGAATT GTCTAAAGAT 120 ATTGGTTCTG AATCTACTGA AGATCAAGCT ATGGAAGATA TTAAACAAAT GGAAGCTGAA 180 TCTATTTCTT CTTCTGAAGA AATTGTTCCA AATTCTGTTG AACAAAAACA TATTCAAAAA 240 GAAGATGTTC CATCTGAAAG ATATTTGGGT TATTTGGAAC AATTGTTGAG ATTGAAAAAA 300 TATAAAGTTC CACAATTGGA AATTGTTCCA AATTCTGCTG AAGAAAGATT GCATTCTATG 360 AAAGAAGGTA TTCATGCTCA ACAAAAAGAA CCAATGATTG GTGTTAATCA AGAATTGGCT 420 TATTATCCAG AATTGAGACA ATATCAATTG GATGCTTATC CATCTGGTGC TTGGTATTAT 480 GTTCCATTGG GTACTCAATA TACTGATGCT CCATCTTCTG ATATTCCAAA TCCAATTGGT 540 TCTGAAAATT CTGAAAAAAC TACTATGCCA TTGTGGTGAT GA 582 1056 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..1056 /note= “synthetic gene encoding derivative of mature bovine alpha-s1-casein lacking phenylalanine residues, addition of an N-terminal methionine residue, two stop codons at the end of the casein coding sequence and the non-translated 3′ region of bovine alpha-s1-casein mRNA, using optimal pattern of codon usage for S. cerevisiae” 11 CTGCAGGATC CCGGGAATTC TAGAAGCTTA TGAGACCAAA ACATCCAATT AAACATCAAG 60 GTTTGCCACA AGAAGTTTTG AATGAAAATT TGTTGAGAGT TGCTCCACCA GAAGTTGGTA 120 AAGAAAAAGT TAATGAATTG TCTAAAGATA TTGGTTCTGA ATCTACTGAA GATCAAGCTA 180 TGGAAGATAT TAAACAAATG GAAGCTGAAT CTATTTCTTC TTCTGAAGAA ATTGTTCCAA 240 ATTCTGTTGA ACAAAAACAT ATTCAAAAAG AAGATGTTCC ATCTGAAAGA TATTTGGGTT 300 ATTTGGAACA ATTGTTGAGA TTGAAAAAAT ATAAAGTTCC ACAATTGGAA ATTGTTCCAA 360 ATTCTGCTGA AGAAAGATTG CATTCTATGA AAGAAGGTAT TCATGCTCAA CAAAAAGAAC 420 CAATGATTGG TGTTAATCAA GAATTGGCTT ATTATCCAGA ATTGAGACAA TATCAATTGG 480 ATGCTTATCC ATCTGGTGCT TGGTATTATG TTCCATTGGG TACTCAATAT ACTGATGCTC 540 CATCTTCTGA TATTCCAAAT CCAATTGGTT CTGAAAATTC TGAAAAAACT ACTATGCCAT 600 TGTGGTGATG AAAGAGTCAA GTGAATTCTG AGGGACTCCA CAGTTATGGT CTTTGATGGG 660 TCTGAAAATT CCATGCTCTA CATGTCGCCT CATCTACATG TCAAACCATT CATCCAAAGG 720 CTTCAACTGC TGTTTTAGAA CAGGGCAATC TCAAACTGAG GCACTCCTTG ATGCTCTACT 780 GTATTTTAGA TAGTGTAACA TCCTTAAGTG AAATTGTCCT AACAGCTTGT TACCTAAATT 840 CCAGTAGTAT CATGCTGGTA TAAAGGCCAC TGAGTCAAAG GGAATTAAAG TCTTCATTAA 900 ATTTCTGTAT GGAAAATGTT TTAAAAGCCT TTGAATCACT TCTCCTGTAA GTGCCATCAT 960 ATCAAATAAT TGTGTGCATT AACTGAGATT TTGTCTTTCT TCTTTTCAAT AAATTACATT 1020 TTAAGGCCTG CAGGATCCCG GGAATTCTAG AAGCTT 1056 374 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..374 /note= “predicted sequence of bovine casein block A” 12 AATCAGGATC CCGGGCATAT GAGACCAAAA CATCCAATTA AACATCAAGG TTTGCCACAA 60 GAAGTTTTGA ACGAAAACTT GTTGAGATAC TACGTTGCTC CATACCCAGA AGTTTACGGT 120 AAAGAAAAAG TTAATGAATT GTCTAAAGAT ATCGGTTCTG AATCTACTGA AGATCAAGCC 180 ATGGAAGATA TTAAACAAAT GGAAGCTGAA TCTATCTCTT CTTCTGAAGA AATCGTCCCA 240 AACTCTGTTG AACAAAAACA TATTCAAAAA GAAGACGTCC CATCTGAAAG ATACTTGGGT 300 TACTTAGAAC AATTGTTGAG ATTGAAAAAA TACAAAGTTC CACAATTGGA AATCGTCCCA 360 AACTCAGCTG AAGA 374 125 amino acids amino acid linear protein Protein 1..125 /note= “predicted sequence of bovine casein block A” 13 Asn Gln Asp Pro Gly His Met Arg Pro Lys His Pro Ile Lys His Gln 1 5 10 15 Gly Leu Pro Gln Glu Val Leu Asn Glu Asn Leu Leu Arg Tyr Tyr Val 20 25 30 Ala Pro Tyr Pro Glu Val Tyr Gly Lys Glu Lys Val Asn Glu Leu Ser 35 40 45 Lys Asp Ile Gly Ser Glu Ser Thr Glu Asp Gln Ala Met Glu Asp Ile 50 55 60 Lys Gln Met Glu Ala Glu Ser Ile Ser Ser Ser Glu Glu Ile Val Pro 65 70 75 80 Asn Ser Val Glu Gln Lys His Ile Gln Lys Glu Asp Val Pro Ser Glu 85 90 95 Arg Tyr Leu Gly Tyr Leu Glu Gln Leu Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Tyr Lys 100 105 110 Val Pro Gln Leu Glu Ile Val Pro Asn Ser Ala Glu Glu 115 120 125 371 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..371 /note= “actual sequence obtained for bovine casein block A” 14 AATCAGGATC CCGGGCATAT GAGACCAAAA CATCCAATTA AACATCAAGG TTTGCCACAA 60 GAAGTTTTGA ACGAAAACTT GTTGAGATAC TACGTTGCTC CATACCCAGA AGTTTACGGT 120 AAAGAAAAAG TTAATGAATT GTCTAAAGAT ATCGGTTCTG AATCTACTGA AGATCAAGCC 180 ATGGAAGATA TTAAACAAAT GGAAGCTGAA TCTATCTCTT CTTCTGAAGA AATCGTCCCA 240 AACTCTGAAC AAAAACATAT TCAAAAAGAA GACGTCCCAT CTGAAAGATA CTTGGGTTAC 300 TTAGAACAAT TGTTGAGATT GAAAAAATAC AAAGTTCCAC AATTGGAAAT CGTCCCAAAC 360 TCAGCTGAAG A 371 124 amino acids amino acid linear protein Protein 1..124 /note= “actual sequence obtained for bovine casein block A” 15 Asn Gln Asp Pro Gly His Met Arg Pro Lys His Pro Ile Lys His Gln 1 5 10 15 Gly Leu Pro Gln Glu Val Leu Asn Glu Asn Leu Leu Arg Tyr Tyr Val 20 25 30 Ala Pro Tyr Pro Glu Val Tyr Gly Lys Glu Lys Val Asn Glu Leu Ser 35 40 45 Lys Asp Ile Gly Ser Glu Ser Thr Glu Asp Gln Ala Met Glu Asp Ile 50 55 60 Lys Gln Met Glu Ala Glu Ser Ile Ser Ser Ser Glu Glu Ile Val Pro 65 70 75 80 Asn Ser Glu Gln Lys His Ile Gln Lys Glu Asp Val Pro Ser Glu Arg 85 90 95 Tyr Leu Gly Tyr Leu Glu Gln Leu Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Tyr Lys Val 100 105 110 Pro Gln Leu Glu Ile Val Pro Asn Ser Ala Glu Glu 115 120 371 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..371 /note= “predicted sequence of bovine casein block B” 16 CAAAAAGAAG ACGTCCCATC TGAAAGATAC TTGGGTTACT TAGAACAATT GTTGAGATTG 60 AAAAAATACA AAGTTCCACA ATTGGAAATC GTCCCAAACT CAGCTGAAGA AAGATTGCAT 120 TCTATGAAAG AAGGTATTCA TGCTCAACAA AAAGAACCAA TGATTGGTGT TAACCAAGAA 180 TTGGCTTACT ACTACCCAGA ATTGTACAGA CAATACTATC AATTGGATGC TTACCCATCT 240 GGTGCTTGGT ACTACGTTCC TTTAGGTACC CAATACACTG ATGCTCCATC TTACTCTGAT 300 ATTCCAAACC CAATCGGTTC TGAAAACTCT GAAAAAACTA CTATGCCATT GTGGTAATAA 360 GCTTCATGAT C 371 118 amino acids amino acid linear protein Protein 1..118 /note= “predicted sequence of bovine casein block B” 17 Gln Lys Glu Asp Val Pro Ser Glu Arg Tyr Leu Gly Tyr Leu Glu Gln 1 5 10 15 Leu Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Tyr Lys Val Pro Gln Leu Glu Ile Val Pro 20 25 30 Asn Ser Ala Glu Glu Arg Leu His Ser Met Lys Glu Gly Ile His Ala 35 40 45 Gln Gln Lys Glu Pro Met Ile Gly Val Asn Gln Glu Leu Ala Tyr Tyr 50 55 60 Tyr Pro Glu Leu Tyr Arg Gln Tyr Tyr Gln Leu Asp Ala Tyr Pro Ser 65 70 75 80 Gly Ala Trp Tyr Tyr Val Pro Leu Gly Thr Gln Tyr Thr Asp Ala Pro 85 90 95 Ser Tyr Ser Asp Ile Pro Asn Pro Ile Gly Ser Glu Asn Ser Glu Lys 100 105 110 Thr Thr Met Pro Leu Trp 115 371 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..371 /note= “actual sequence obtained for bovine casein block B” 18 CAAAAAGAAG ACGTCCCATC TGAAAGATAC TTGGGTTACT TAGAACAATT GTTGAGATTG 60 AAAAAATACA AAGTTCCACA ATTGGAAATC GTCCCAAACT CAGCTGAAGA AAGATTGCAT 120 TCTATGAAAA GAAGGTATTC ATGCTCAACA AAAAGAACCA ATGATTGGTG TTAACCAAGA 180 ATTGGCTTAC TACTACCCAG AATTGTACAG ACAATACTAT CAATTGATGC TTACCCATCT 240 GGTGCTTTGT ACTACGTTCC TTTAGGTACC CAATACACTG ATGCTCCATC TTACTCTGAT 300 ATTCCAAACC CAATCGGTTC TGAAAACTCT GAAAAAACTA CTATGCCATT GTGGTAATAA 360 GCTTCATGAT C 371 118 amino acids amino acid linear protein Protein 1..124 /note= “actual sequence obtained for bovine casein block B” 19 Gln Lys Glu Asp Val Pro Ser Glu Arg Tyr Leu Gly Tyr Leu Glu Gln 1 5 10 15 Leu Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Tyr Lys Val Pro Gln Leu Glu Ile Val Pro 20 25 30 Asn Ser Ala Glu Glu Arg Leu His Ser Met Lys Glu Gly Ile His Ala 35 40 45 Gln Gln Lys Glu Pro Met Ile Gly Val Asn Gln Glu Leu Ala Tyr Tyr 50 55 60 Tyr Pro Glu Leu Tyr Arg Gln Tyr Tyr Gln Leu Asp Ala Tyr Pro Ser 65 70 75 80 Gly Ala Leu Tyr Tyr Val Pro Leu Gly Thr Gln Tyr Thr Asp Ala Pro 85 90 95 Ser Tyr Ser Asp Ile Pro Asn Pro Ile Gly Ser Glu Asn Ser Glu Lys 100 105 110 Thr Thr Met Pro Leu Trp 115 632 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..632 /note= “combined sequence of bovine casein blocks A and B” 20 AATCAGGATC CCGGGCATAT GAGACCAAAA CATCCAATTA AACATCAAGG TTTGCCACAA 60 GAAGTTTTGA ACGAAAACTT GTTGAGATAC TACGTTGCTC CATACCCAGA AGTTTACGGT 120 AAAGAAAAAG TTAATGAATT GTCTAAAGAT ATCGGTTCTG AATCTACTGA AGATCAAGCC 180 ATGGAAGATA TTAAACAAAT GGAAGCTGAA TCTATCTCTT CTTCTGAAGA AATCGTCCCA 240 AACTCTGAAC AAAAACATAT TCAAAAAGAA GACGTCCCAT CTGAAAGATA CTTGGGTTAC 300 TTAGAACAAT TGTTGAGATT GAAAAAATAC AAAGTTCCAC CATTGGAAAT CGTCCCAAAC 360 TCAGCTGAAG AAAGATTGCA TTCTATGAAA GAAGGTATTC ATGCTCAACA AAAAGAACCA 420 ATGATTGGTG TTAACCAAGA ATTGGCTTAC TACTACCCAG AATTGTACAG ACAATACTAT 480 CAATTGGATG CTTACCCATC TGGTGCTTTG TACTACGTTC CTTTAGGTAC CCAATACACT 540 GATGCTCCAT CTTACTCTGA TATTCCAAAC CCAATCGGTT CTGAAAACTC TGAAAAAACT 600 ACTATGCCAT TGTGGTAATA AGCTTCATGA TC 632 200 amino acids amino acid linear protein Protein 1..200 /note= “combined sequence of bovine casein blocks A and B” 21 Asn Gln Asp Pro Gly His Asn Arg Pro Lys His Pro Ile Lys His Gln 1 5 10 15 Gly Leu Pro Gln Glu Val Leu Asn Glu Asn Leu Leu Arg Tyr Tyr Val 20 25 30 Ala Pro Tyr Pro Glu Val Tyr Gly Lys Glu Lys Val Asn Glu Leu Ser 35 40 45 Lys Asp Ile Gly Ser Glu Ser Thr Glu Asp Gln Ala Asn Glu Asp Ile 50 55 60 Lys Gln Asn Glu Ala Glu Ser Ile Ser Ser Ser Glu Glu Ile Val Pro 65 70 75 80 Asn Ser Glu Gln Lys His Ile Gln Lys Glu Asp Val Pro Ser Glu Arg 85 90 95 Tyr Leu Gly Tyr Leu Glu Gln Leu Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Tyr Lys Val 100 105 110 Pro Gln Leu Glu Ile Val Pro Asn Ser Ala Glu Glu Arg Leu His Ser 115 120 125 Asn Lys Glu Gly Ile His Ala Gln Gln Lys Glu Pro Asn Ile Gly Val 130 135 140 Asn Gln Glu Leu Ala Tyr Tyr Tyr Pro Glu Leu Tyr Arg Gln Tyr Tyr 145 150 155 160 Gln Leu Asp Ala Tyr Pro Ser Gly Ala Leu Tyr Tyr Val Pro Leu Gly 165 170 175 Thr Gln Tyr Thr Asp Ala Pro Ser Tyr Ser Asp Ile Pro Asn Pro Ile 180 185 190 Gly Ser Glu Asn Ser Glu Lys Thr 195 200 632 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..632 /note= “final sequence of synthetic bovine casein gene” 22 AATCAGGATC CCGGGCTGCA GAGACCAAAA CATCCAATTA AACATCAAGG TTTGCCACAA 60 GAAGTTTTGA ACGAAAACTT GTTGAGATAC TACGTTGCTC CATACCCAGA AGTTTACGGT 120 AAAGAAAAAG TTAATGAATT GTCTAAAGAT ATCGGTTCTG AATCTACTGA AGATCAAGCC 180 ATGGAAGATA TTAAACAAAT GGAAGCTGAA TCTATCTCTT CTTCTGAAGA AATCGTCCCA 240 AACTCTGAAC AAAAACATAT TCAAAAAGAA GACGTCCCAT CTGAAAGATA CTTGGGTTAC 300 TTAGAACAAT TGTTGAGATT GAAAAAATAC AAAGTTCCAC AATTGGAAAT CGTCCCAAAC 360 TCAGCTGAAG AAAGATTGCA TTCTATGAAA GAAGGTATTC ATGCTCAACA AAAAGAACCA 420 ATGATTGGTG TTAACCACGA ATTGGCTTAC TACTACCCAG AATTGTACAG ACAATACTAT 480 CAATTGGATG CTTACCCATC TGGTGCTTTG TACTACGTTC CTTTAGGTAC CCAATACACT 540 GATGCTCCAT CTTACTCTGA TATTCCAAAC CCAATCGGTT CTGAAAACTC TGAAAAAACT 600 ACTATGCCAT TGTGGTAATA AGCTTCATGA TC 632 200 amino acids amino acid linear protein Protein 1..200 /note= “final sequence of synthetic bovine casein” 23 Asn Gln Asp Pro Gly His Asn Arg Pro Lys His Pro Ile Lys His Gln 1 5 10 15 Gly Leu Pro Gln Glu Val Leu Asn Glu Asn Leu Leu Arg Tyr Tyr Val 20 25 30 Ala Pro Tyr Pro Glu Val Tyr Gly Lys Glu Lys Val Asn Glu Leu Ser 35 40 45 Lys Asp Ile Gly Ser Glu Ser Thr Glu Asp Gln Ala Asn Glu Asp Ile 50 55 60 Lys Gln Asn Glu Ala Glu Ser Ile Ser Ser Ser Glu Glu Ile Val Pro 65 70 75 80 Asn Ser Glu Gln Lys His Ile Gln Lys Glu Asp Val Pro Ser Glu Arg 85 90 95 Tyr Leu Gly Tyr Leu Glu Gln Leu Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Tyr Lys Val 100 105 110 Pro Gln Leu Glu Ile Val Pro Asn Ser Ala Glu Glu Arg Leu His Ser 115 120 125 Asn Lys Glu Gly Ile His Ala Gln Gln Lys Glu Pro Asn Ile Gly Val 130 135 140 Asn Gln Glu Leu Ala Tyr Tyr Tyr Pro Glu Leu Tyr Arg Gln Tyr Tyr 145 150 155 160 Gln Leu Asp Ala Tyr Pro Ser Gly Ala Leu Tyr Tyr Val Pro Leu Gly 165 170 175 Thr Gln Tyr Thr Asp Ala Pro Ser Tyr Ser Asp Ile Pro Asn Pro Ile 180 185 190 Gly Ser Glu Asn Ser Glu Lys Thr 195 200 25 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA 24 GATCCCGGGC TGCAGAGACC AAAAC 25 26 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA 25 GATCATGAAG CTTATTACCA CAATGG 26 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..20 /note “5′-terminal oligonucleotide PCR primer for Block A” 26 AATCAGGATC CCGGGCATAT 20 103 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..103 /note= “casein 1” 27 AATCAGGATC CCGGGCATAT GAGACCAAAA CATCCAATTA AACATCAAGG TTTGCCACAA 60 GAAGTTTTGA ACGAAAACTT GTTGAGATAC TACGTTGCTC CAT 103 109 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..109 /note= “casein 2” 28 AATATCTTCC ATGGCTTGAT CTTCAGTAGA TTCAGAACCG ATATCTTTAG ACAATTCATT 60 AACTTTTTCT TTACCGTAAA CTTCTGGGTA TGGAGCAACG TAGTATCTC 109 112 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..112 /note= “casein 3” 29 ATCAAGCCAT GGAAGATATT AAACAAATGG AAGCTGAATC TATCTCTTCT TCTGAAGAAA 60 TCGTCCCAAA CTCTGTTGAA CAAAAACATA TTCAAAAAGA AGACGTCCCA TC 112 110 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..110 /note= “casein 4” 30 TCTTCAGCTG AGTTTGGGAC GATTTCCAAT TGTGGAACTT TGTATTTTTT CAATCTCAAC 60 AATTGTTCTA AGTAACCCAA GTATCTTTCA GATGGGACGT CTTCTTTTTG 110 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..20 /note “3′-terminal oligonucleotide PCR primer for Block A” 31 TCTTCAGCTG AGTTTGGGAC 20 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..20 /note “5′-terminal oligonucleotide PCR primer for Block B” 32 CAAAAAGAAG ACGTCCCATC 20 110 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..110 /note= “casein 5” 33 CAAAAAGAAG ACGTCCCATC TGAAAGATAC TTGGGTTACT TAGAACAATT GTTGAGATTG 60 AAAAAATACA AAGTTCCACA ATTGGAAATC GTCCCAAACT CAGCTGAAGA 110 110 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..110 /note= “casein 6” 34 TCTGGGTAGT AGTAAGCCAA TTCTTGGTTA ACACCAATCA TTGGTTCTTT TTGTTGAGCA 60 TGAATACCTT CTTTCATAGA ATGCAATCTT TCTTCAGCTG AGTTTGGAAC 110 100 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..100 /note= “casein 7” 35 TTGGCTTACT ACTACCCAGA ATTGTACAGA CAATACTATC AATTGGATGC TTACCCATCT 60 GGTGCTTGGT ACTACGTTCC TTTAGGTACC CAATACACTG 100 116 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..116 /note= “casein 8” 36 GACTTGATCA TGAAGCTTAT TACCACAATG GCATAGTAGT TTTTTCAGAG TTTTCAGAAC 60 CGATTGGGTT TGGAATATCA GAGTAAGATG GAGCATCAGT GTATTGGGTA CCTAAA 116 61 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..61 /note “3′-terminal oligonucleotide PCR primer for Block B” 37 GATCATGAAG CTTATTACCA CAATGGCATA GTAGTTTTTT CAGAGTTTTC AGAACCGATT 60 G 61 1873 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA Gallus gallus - 1..1873 /note= “chicken ovalbumin mRNA” CDS 66..1226 /product= “Ovalbumin, Chicken” 38 GACATACAGC TAGAAAGCTG TATTGCCTTT AGCACTCAAG CTCAAAAGAC AACTCAGAGT 60 TCACC ATG GGC TCC ATC GGC GCA GCA AGC ATG GAA TTT TGT TTT GAT 107 Met Gly Ser Ile Gly Ala Ala Ser Met Glu Phe Cys Phe Asp 1 5 10 GTA TTC AAG GAG CTC AAA GTC CAC CAT GCC AAT GAG AAC ATC TTC TAC 155 Val Phe Lys Glu Leu Lys Val His His Ala Asn Glu Asn Ile Phe Tyr 15 20 25 30 TGC CCC ATT GCC ATC ATG TCA GCT CTA GCC ATG GTA TAC CTG GGT GCA 203 Cys Pro Ile Ala Ile Met Ser Ala Leu Ala Met Val Tyr Leu Gly Ala 35 40 45 AAA GAC AGC ACC AGG ACA CAG ATA AAT AAG GTT GTT CGC TTT GAT AAA 251 Lys Asp Ser Thr Arg Thr Gln Ile Asn Lys Val Val Arg Phe Asp Lys 50 55 60 CTT CCA GGA TTC GGA GAC AGT ATT GAA GCT CAG TGT GGC ACA TCT GTA 299 Leu Pro Gly Phe Gly Asp Ser Ile Glu Ala Gln Cys Gly Thr Ser Val 65 70 75 AAC GTT CAC TCT TCA CTT AGA GAC ATC CTC AAC CAA ATC ACC AAA CCA 347 Asn Val His Ser Ser Leu Arg Asp Ile Leu Asn Gln Ile Thr Lys Pro 80 85 90 AAT GAT GTT TAT TCG TTC AGC CTT GCC AGT AGA CTT TAT GCT GAA GAG 395 Asn Asp Val Tyr Ser Phe Ser Leu Ala Ser Arg Leu Tyr Ala Glu Glu 95 100 105 110 AGA TAC CCA ATC CTG CCA GAA TAC TTG CAG TGT GTG AAG GAA CTG TAT 443 Arg Tyr Pro Ile Leu Pro Glu Tyr Leu Gln Cys Val Lys Glu Leu Tyr 115 120 125 AGA GGA GGC TTG GAA CCT ATC AAC TTT CAA ACA GCT GCA GAT CAA GCC 491 Arg Gly Gly Leu Glu Pro Ile Asn Phe Gln Thr Ala Ala Asp Gln Ala 130 135 140 AGA GAG CTC ATC AAT TCC TGG GTA GAA AGT CAG ACA AAT GGA ATT ATC 539 Arg Glu Leu Ile Asn Ser Trp Val Glu Ser Gln Thr Asn Gly Ile Ile 145 150 155 AGA AAT GTC CTT CAG CCA AGC TCC GTG GAT TCT CAA ACT GCA ATG GTT 587 Arg Asn Val Leu Gln Pro Ser Ser Val Asp Ser Gln Thr Ala Met Val 160 165 170 CTG GTT AAT GCC ATT GTC TTC AAA GGA CTG TGG GAG AAA ACA TTT AAG 635 Leu Val Asn Ala Ile Val Phe Lys Gly Leu Trp Glu Lys Thr Phe Lys 175 180 185 190 GAT GAA GAC ACA CAA GCA ATG CCT TTC AGA GTG ACT GAG CAA GAA AGC 683 Asp Glu Asp Thr Gln Ala Met Pro Phe Arg Val Thr Glu Gln Glu Ser 195 200 205 AAA CCT GTG CAG ATG ATG TAC CAG ATT GGT TTA TTT AGA GTG GCA TCA 731 Lys Pro Val Gln Met Met Tyr Gln Ile Gly Leu Phe Arg Val Ala Ser 210 215 220 ATG GCT TCT GAG AAA ATG AAG ATC CTG GAG CTT CCA TTT GCC AGT GGG 779 Met Ala Ser Glu Lys Met Lys Ile Leu Glu Leu Pro Phe Ala Ser Gly 225 230 235 ACA ATG AGC ATG TTG GTG CTG TTG CCT GAT GAA GTC TCA GGC CTT GAG 827 Thr Met Ser Met Leu Val Leu Leu Pro Asp Glu Val Ser Gly Leu Glu 240 245 250 CAG CTT GAG AGT ATA ATC AAC TTT GAA AAA CTG ACT GAA TGG ACC AGT 875 Gln Leu Glu Ser Ile Ile Asn Phe Glu Lys Leu Thr Glu Trp Thr Ser 255 260 265 270 TCT AAT GTT ATG GAA GAG AGG AAG ATC AAA GTG TAC TTA CCT CGC ATG 923 Ser Asn Val Met Glu Glu Arg Lys Ile Lys Val Tyr Leu Pro Arg Met 275 280 285 AAG ATG GAG GAA AAA TAC AAC CTC ACA TCT GTC TTA ATG GCT ATG GGC 971 Lys Met Glu Glu Lys Tyr Asn Leu Thr Ser Val Leu Met Ala Met Gly 290 295 300 ATT ACT GAC GTG TTT AGC TCT TCA GCC AAT CTG TCT GGC ATC TCC TCA 1019 Ile Thr Asp Val Phe Ser Ser Ser Ala Asn Leu Ser Gly Ile Ser Ser 305 310 315 GCA GAG AGC CTG AAG ATA TCT CAA GCT GTC CAT GCA GCA CAT GCA GAA 1067 Ala Glu Ser Leu Lys Ile Ser Gln Ala Val His Ala Ala His Ala Glu 320 325 330 ATC AAT GAA GCA GGC AGA GAG GTG GTA GGG TCA GCA GAG GCT GGA GTG 1115 Ile Asn Glu Ala Gly Arg Glu Val Val Gly Ser Ala Glu Ala Gly Val 335 340 345 350 GAT GCT GCA AGC GTC TCT GAA GAA TTT AGG GCT GAC CAT CCA TTC CTC 1163 Asp Ala Ala Ser Val Ser Glu Glu Phe Arg Ala Asp His Pro Phe Leu 355 360 365 TTC TGT ATC AAG CAC ATC GCA ACC AAC GCC GTT CTC TTC TTT GGC AGA 1211 Phe Cys Ile Lys His Ile Ala Thr Asn Ala Val Leu Phe Phe Gly Arg 370 375 380 TGT GTT TCC CCT TAAAAAGAAG AAAGCTGAAA AACTCTGTCC CTTCCAACAA 1263 Cys Val Ser Pro 385 GACCCAGAGC ACTGTAGTAT CAGGGGTAAA ATGAAAAGTA TGTTCTCTGC TGCATCCAGA 1323 CTTCATAAAA GCTGGAGCTT AATCTAGAAA AAAAATCAGA AAGAAATTAC ACTGTGAGAA 1383 CAGGTGCAAT TCACTTTTCC TTTACACAGA GTAATACTGG TAACTCATGG ATGAAGGCTT 1443 AAGGGAATGA AATTGGACTC ACAGTACTGA GTCATCACAC TGAAAAATGC AACCTGATAC 1503 ATCAGCAGAA GGTTTATGGG GGAAAAATGC AGCCTTCCAA TTAAGCCAGA TATCTGTATG 1563 ACCAAGCTGC TCCAGAATTA GTCACTCAAA ATCTCTCAGA TTAAATTATC AACTGTCACC 1623 AACCATTCCT ATGCTGACAA GGCAATTGCT TGTTCTCTGT GTTCCTGATA CTACAAGGCT 1683 CTTCCTGACT TCCTAAAGAT GCATTATAAA AATCTTATAA TTCACATTTC TCCCTAAACT 1743 TTGACTCAAT CATGGTATGT TGGCAAATAT GGTATATTAC TATTCAAATT GTTTTCCTTG 1803 TACCCATATG TAATGGGTCT TGTGAATGTG CTCTTTTGTT CCTTTAATCA TAATAAAAAC 1863 ATGTTTAAGC 1873 386 amino acids amino acid linear protein 39 Met Gly Ser Ile Gly Ala Ala Ser Met Glu Phe Cys Phe Asp Val Phe 1 5 10 15 Lys Glu Leu Lys Val His His Ala Asn Glu Asn Ile Phe Tyr Cys Pro 20 25 30 Ile Ala Ile Met Ser Ala Leu Ala Met Val Tyr Leu Gly Ala Lys Asp 35 40 45 Ser Thr Arg Thr Gln Ile Asn Lys Val Val Arg Phe Asp Lys Leu Pro 50 55 60 Gly Phe Gly Asp Ser Ile Glu Ala Gln Cys Gly Thr Ser Val Asn Val 65 70 75 80 His Ser Ser Leu Arg Asp Ile Leu Asn Gln Ile Thr Lys Pro Asn Asp 85 90 95 Val Tyr Ser Phe Ser Leu Ala Ser Arg Leu Tyr Ala Glu Glu Arg Tyr 100 105 110 Pro Ile Leu Pro Glu Tyr Leu Gln Cys Val Lys Glu Leu Tyr Arg Gly 115 120 125 Gly Leu Glu Pro Ile Asn Phe Gln Thr Ala Ala Asp Gln Ala Arg Glu 130 135 140 Leu Ile Asn Ser Trp Val Glu Ser Gln Thr Asn Gly Ile Ile Arg Asn 145 150 155 160 Val Leu Gln Pro Ser Ser Val Asp Ser Gln Thr Ala Met Val Leu Val 165 170 175 Asn Ala Ile Val Phe Lys Gly Leu Trp Glu Lys Thr Phe Lys Asp Glu 180 185 190 Asp Thr Gln Ala Met Pro Phe Arg Val Thr Glu Gln Glu Ser Lys Pro 195 200 205 Val Gln Met Met Tyr Gln Ile Gly Leu Phe Arg Val Ala Ser Met Ala 210 215 220 Ser Glu Lys Met Lys Ile Leu Glu Leu Pro Phe Ala Ser Gly Thr Met 225 230 235 240 Ser Met Leu Val Leu Leu Pro Asp Glu Val Ser Gly Leu Glu Gln Leu 245 250 255 Glu Ser Ile Ile Asn Phe Glu Lys Leu Thr Glu Trp Thr Ser Ser Asn 260 265 270 Val Met Glu Glu Arg Lys Ile Lys Val Tyr Leu Pro Arg Met Lys Met 275 280 285 Glu Glu Lys Tyr Asn Leu Thr Ser Val Leu Met Ala Met Gly Ile Thr 290 295 300 Asp Val Phe Ser Ser Ser Ala Asn Leu Ser Gly Ile Ser Ser Ala Glu 305 310 315 320 Ser Leu Lys Ile Ser Gln Ala Val His Ala Ala His Ala Glu Ile Asn 325 330 335 Glu Ala Gly Arg Glu Val Val Gly Ser Ala Glu Ala Gly Val Asp Ala 340 345 350 Ala Ser Val Ser Glu Glu Phe Arg Ala Asp His Pro Phe Leu Phe Cys 355 360 365 Ile Lys His Ile Ala Thr Asn Ala Val Leu Phe Phe Gly Arg Cys Val 370 375 380 Ser Pro 385 1123 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA Bos taurus - 1..1123 /note= “bovine alpha-s1-casein mRNA” sig_peptide 64..108 /note= “bovine alpha-s1-casein signal peptide” mat_peptide 109..705 /note= “bovine alpha-s1-casein” CDS 64..708 /note= “bovine alpha-s1-casein precursor” 40 TCACTTCGAC CATCAACCCA GCTTGCTGTT CTTCCCAGTC TTGGGTTCAA GATCTTGACA 60 ACC ATG AAA CTT CTC ATC CTT ACC TGT CTT GTG GCT GTT GCT CTT GCC 108 Met Lys Leu Leu Ile Leu Thr Cys Leu Val Ala Val Ala Leu Ala -15 -10 -5 AGG CCC AAA CAT CCT ATC AAG CAC CAA GGA CTC CCT CAA GAA GTC CTC 156 Arg Pro Lys His Pro Ile Lys His Gln Gly Leu Pro Gln Glu Val Leu 1 5 10 15 AAT GAA AAT TTA CTC AGG TTT TTT GTG GCA CCT TTT CCA GAA GTG TTT 204 Asn Glu Asn Leu Leu Arg Phe Phe Val Ala Pro Phe Pro Glu Val Phe 20 25 30 GGA AAG GAG AAG GTC AAT GAA CTG AGC AAG GAT ATT GGG AGT GAA TCA 252 Gly Lys Glu Lys Val Asn Glu Leu Ser Lys Asp Ile Gly Ser Glu Ser 35 40 45 ACT GAG GAT CAA GCC ATG GAA GAT ATT AAG CAA ATG GAA GCT GAA AGC 300 Thr Glu Asp Gln Ala Met Glu Asp Ile Lys Gln Met Glu Ala Glu Ser 50 55 60 ATT TCG TCA AGT GAG GAA ATT GTT CCC AAT AGT GTT GAG CAG AAG CAC 348 Ile Ser Ser Ser Glu Glu Ile Val Pro Asn Ser Val Glu Gln Lys His 65 70 75 80 ATT CAA AAG GAA GAT GTG CCC TCT GAG CGT TAC CTG GGT TAT CTG GAA 396 Ile Gln Lys Glu Asp Val Pro Ser Glu Arg Tyr Leu Gly Tyr Leu Glu 85 90 95 CAG CTT CTC AGA CTG AAA AAA TAC AAA GTA CCC CAG CTG GAA ATT GTT 444 Gln Leu Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Tyr Lys Val Pro Gln Leu Glu Ile Val 100 105 110 CCC AAT AGT GCT GAG GAA CGA CTT CAC AGT ATG AAA GAG GGA ATC CAT 492 Pro Asn Ser Ala Glu Glu Arg Leu His Ser Met Lys Glu Gly Ile His 115 120 125 GCC CAA CAG AAA GAA CCT ATG ATA GGA GTG AAT CAG GAA CTG GCC TAC 540 Ala Gln Gln Lys Glu Pro Met Ile Gly Val Asn Gln Glu Leu Ala Tyr 130 135 140 TTC TAC CCT GAG CTT TTC AGA CAA TTC TAC CAG CTG GAT GCC TAT CCA 588 Phe Tyr Pro Glu Leu Phe Arg Gln Phe Tyr Gln Leu Asp Ala Tyr Pro 145 150 155 160 TCT GGT GCT TGG TAT TAC GTT CCA CTA GGC ACA CAA TAC ACT GAT GCC 636 Ser Gly Ala Trp Tyr Tyr Val Pro Leu Gly Thr Gln Tyr Thr Asp Ala 165 170 175 CCA TCA TTC TCT GAC ATC CCT AAT CCC ATT GGC TCT GAG AAC AGT GAA 684 Pro Ser Phe Ser Asp Ile Pro Asn Pro Ile Gly Ser Glu Asn Ser Glu 180 185 190 AAG ACT ACT ATG CCA CTG TGG TGAAGAGTCA AGTGAATTCT GAGGGACTCC 735 Lys Thr Thr Met Pro Leu Trp 195 ACAGTTATGG TCTTTGATGG GTCTGAAAAT TCCATGCTCT ACATGTCGCC TCATCTACAT 795 GTCAAACCAT TCATCCAAAG GCTTCAACTG CTGTTTTAGA ACAGGGCAAT CTCAAACTGA 855 GGCACTCCTT GATGCTCTAC TGTATTTTAG ATAGTGTAAC ATCCTTAAGT GAAATTGTCC 915 TAACAGCTTG TTACCTAAAT TCCAGTAGTA TCATGCTGGT ATAAAGGCCA CTGAGTCAAA 975 GGGAATTAAA GTCTTCATTA AATTTCTGTA TGGAAAATGT TTTAAAAGCC TTTGAATCAC 1035 TTCTCCTGTA AGTGCCATCA TATCAAATAA TTGTGTGCAT TAACTGAGAT TTTGTCTTTC 1095 TTCTTTTCAA TAAATTACAT TTTAAGGC 1123 214 amino acids amino acid linear protein 41 Met Lys Leu Leu Ile Leu Thr Cys Leu Val Ala Val Ala Leu Ala Arg -15 -10 -5 1 Pro Lys His Pro Ile Lys His Gln Gly Leu Pro Gln Glu Val Leu Asn 5 10 15 Glu Asn Leu Leu Arg Phe Phe Val Ala Pro Phe Pro Glu Val Phe Gly 20 25 30 Lys Glu Lys Val Asn Glu Leu Ser Lys Asp Ile Gly Ser Glu Ser Thr 35 40 45 Glu Asp Gln Ala Met Glu Asp Ile Lys Gln Met Glu Ala Glu Ser Ile 50 55 60 65 Ser Ser Ser Glu Glu Ile Val Pro Asn Ser Val Glu Gln Lys His Ile 70 75 80 Gln Lys Glu Asp Val Pro Ser Glu Arg Tyr Leu Gly Tyr Leu Glu Gln 85 90 95 Leu Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Tyr Lys Val Pro Gln Leu Glu Ile Val Pro 100 105 110 Asn Ser Ala Glu Glu Arg Leu His Ser Met Lys Glu Gly Ile His Ala 115 120 125 Gln Gln Lys Glu Pro Met Ile Gly Val Asn Gln Glu Leu Ala Tyr Phe 130 135 140 145 Tyr Pro Glu Leu Phe Arg Gln Phe Tyr Gln Leu Asp Ala Tyr Pro Ser 150 155 160 Gly Ala Trp Tyr Tyr Val Pro Leu Gly Thr Gln Tyr Thr Asp Ala Pro 165 170 175 Ser Phe Ser Asp Ile Pro Asn Pro Ile Gly Ser Glu Asn Ser Glu Lys 180 185 190 Thr Thr Met Pro Leu Trp 195 199 amino acids amino acid linear protein - 1..26 /note= “mature bovine alpha-s1-casein” 42 Arg Pro Lys His Pro Ile Lys His Gln Gly Leu Pro Gln Glu Val Leu 1 5 10 15 Asn Glu Asn Leu Leu Arg Phe Phe Val Ala Pro Phe Pro Glu Val Phe 20 25 30 Gly Lys Glu Lys Val Asn Glu Leu Ser Lys Asp Ile Gly Ser Glu Ser 35 40 45 Thr Glu Asp Gln Ala Met Glu Asp Ile Lys Gln Met Glu Ala Glu Ser 50 55 60 Ile Ser Ser Ser Glu Glu Ile Val Pro Asn Ser Val Glu Gln Lys His 65 70 75 80 Ile Gln Lys Glu Asp Val Pro Ser Glu Arg Tyr Leu Gly Tyr Leu Glu 85 90 95 Gln Leu Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Tyr Lys Val Pro Gln Leu Glu Ile Val 100 105 110 Pro Asn Ser Ala Glu Glu Arg Leu His Ser Met Lys Glu Gly Ile His 115 120 125 Ala Gln Gln Lys Glu Pro Met Ile Gly Val Asn Gln Glu Leu Ala Tyr 130 135 140 Phe Tyr Pro Glu Leu Phe Arg Gln Phe Tyr Gln Leu Asp Ala Tyr Pro 145 150 155 160 Ser Gly Ala Trp Tyr Tyr Val Pro Leu Gly Thr Gln Tyr Thr Asp Ala 165 170 175 Pro Ser Phe Ser Asp Ile Pro Asn Pro Ile Gly Ser Glu Asn Ser Glu 180 185 190 Lys Thr Thr Met Pro Leu Trp 195 26 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA - 1..26 /note= “polylinker containing restriction sites for PstI, BamHI, SmaI, EcoRI and HindIII” 43 CTGCAGGATC CCGGGAATTC AAGCTT 26 

1. A DNA molecule coding for a food protein, modified in that the codons coding for phenylalanine have been omitted or replaced by codons coding for one or more other metabolisable amino acids.
 2. An edible polypeptide which comprises a food protein modified in that the phenylalanine residues have been omitted or have been replaced by one or more other metabolisable amino acids.
 3. A nutrient material comprising a polypeptide as defined in claim 2 and other edible substances.
 4. A DNA molecule according to claim 1 wherein codons for phenylalanine have been replaced by codons for tyrosine.
 5. A nutrient material according to claim 2 obtained by partially-purifying said edible polypeptide.
 6. A nutrient material according to claim 5 wherein the purification has been carried out to such a degree that the material contains substantially the metabolically-required proportion of phenylalanine.
 7. An expression vector into which has been incorporated a DNA molecule according to either of claims 1 or
 4. 8. A DNA molecule according to claim 1 or 4, wherein the food protein is ovalbumin or casein.
 9. An edible polypeptide according to claim 2, wherein the food protein is ovalbumin or casein.
 10. A host transformed by an expression vector according to claim
 7. 11. A host according to claim 10, which is S. cerevisiae.
 12. A host according to claim 11 which is a yeast.
 13. A host according to claim 12, which is S. cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris.
 14. A method of producing an edible polypeptide according to claim 2 comprising transforming a host with an expression vector according to claim 8, culturing the transformed host, and harvesting the edible polypeptide.
 15. A method according to claim 14, wherein the edible polypeptide is partially purified so that it still contains some phenylalanine-containing proteins from the host, the proportion of phenylalanine in the product being the metabolic amount required by a phenylketonuria patient.
 16. A nutrient material comprising a partially-purified edible polypeptide obtained by the method of claim
 15. 